Prospects and Trends in the Development of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors

Small Modular Reactor (SMR) concepts have developed faster than anyone could have predicted even ten years ago. Over the next decade, it is highly likely that we will see the construction and the operation of multiple SMRs based on both third- and fourth-generation nuclear reactors. This review paper aims to evaluate the development and maturity of Small Modular Reactor technologies using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) framework, providing both quantitative and qualitative insights into their readiness. Since a key application of SMRs is the decarbonization of the energy sector, an example of data-driven methodology has been given for selecting both the site and type of reactor in Poland. However, TRL assessment and site selection with potential use of existing infrastructure are general in nature. They are based on international standards and recommendations from the IAEA and NEA OECD. The review further examines critical issues shaping SMR deployment, with particular attention to licensing requirements and compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).