Bioaerosols in Indoor Environments: characteristic, health risk, sampling, analysis methodologies and challenges – a review

A sudden outburst of COVID-19 disease has raised interest and concerns among people for the air quality, especially the importance of such components of air pollution which are bioaerosols present in the outdoor and indoor air. These present in the atmosphere, dead or live biological particles including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollens, mycotoxins, endotoxins, β-glucans, etc. have a widespread human health effect as well as other organisms. Pandemics that have occurred in the past have had a decisive impact on the human population and still occur from time to time. Understanding bioaerosol phenomena in both indoor and outdoor environments is critical to determining potential threats to human health. The necessary knowledge on this subject includes the phenomena of their formation, spread, survival and factors influencing their concentration and composition. This review summaries topics related to bioaerosol characterization, sampling devices (it's pros and cons), health impacts and government regulations for the bioaerosol concentration in developing as well as developed countries.