Beyond the core: Method for assessing 15-minute city adaptation in diverse urban environments with a comparative spatial analysis framework

This article introduces a methodology for assessing urban areas' alignment with the 15-min city concept, prioritising accessibility to essential services within a short walking or cycling distance. The study examines the applicability of this model in distinct urban contexts, focusing on Katowice, Augsburg, and Valencia, three European cities with contrasting urban and socioeconomic structures. Leveraging Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and OpenStreetMap data, the analysis includes isochrone mapping to evaluate pedestrian accessibility to selected public facilities, including healthcare, educational, commercial, and recreational venues. Conducting this assessment at the neighbourhood level enables the identification of spatial variations in alignment with 15-min city criteria. Findings reveal significant accessibility disparities, with central districts generally more aligned with the model's assumptions than peripheral areas, particularly regarding social and recreational amenities. The study suggests that implementing the 15-min city concept across diverse urban forms requires adaptive strategies sensitive to each city's unique spatial and demographic characteristics. The proposed methodology offers urban planners a practical tool for evaluating and optimising service access to support sustainable spatial development and enhance residents' quality of life.