Smart Selective Collection of Waste-Derived Secondary Raw Materials: An Overview of Advances, Research Gaps, and Technological Prospects

The rapid urbanization coupled with escalating consumption presents notable challenges for the management of secondary raw materials, particularly in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. This study seeks to explore potential enhancements in waste management systems through the adoption of smart selective collection mechanisms. A thorough review of contemporary scientific literature and technological developments has been undertaken, emphasizing the incorporation of advanced technologies such as blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), radio-frequency identification (RFID), and computer vision. The analysis reveals that these technological innovations possess the capacity to refine collection methodologies, boost recycling efficiency, and foster transparency throughout the lifecycle of secondary materials. Furthermore, the study underscores the crucial role of stakeholder collaboration, transparency, and public involvement in achieving operational efficacy and community acceptance. It also pinpoints significant research deficiencies, particularly regarding the influence of container capacity, type of material fractions, fill-level thresholds, and the grouping of containers on overall system efficiency and route optimization. The findings suggest that while simulation-based models indicate considerable cost savings and environmental advantages, actual implementations frequently deviate from theoretical predictions, highlighting the necessity for additional empirical research. In summary, smart selective collection systems are identified as a viable pathway for augmenting the quality of secondary raw materials and promoting sustainable urban waste management practices.