Integrating photovoltaic technologies in smart cities: Benefits, risks and environmental impacts with a focus on future prospects in Poland

The use of photovoltaic panels in 21st-century cities has become widespread. Renewable energy systems (RES), particularly various types of photovoltaic panels, are being installed on rooftops, shelters, bus stops, benches, and city lampposts. Globally, the development of so-called smart cities aims to maximize the use of alternative energy sources, which have a pro-environmental impact. However, despite these advancements, new risks are emerging due to the increasing use of electronics and the critical technology elements they contain. This article presents a critical analysis of the development of smart cities worldwide and in Poland, focusing on the application of photovoltaics (PV) as well as research into green solutions and advancements in PV systems. The types of solar cells used in PV panels in smart cities are analysed. Modelling and simulation of PV installed capacity in Poland have also been carried out. According to the forecast, the installed capacity of hard coal energy is projected to grow steadily over the next 10 years, while PV installed capacity is expected to increase significantly, theoretically surpassing hard coal in 2029. The article critically examines the benefits and risks of implementing photovoltaics in smart cities, addressing their environmental impact and potential future challenges stemming from the increasing amount of electronics (including PV panels) in the environment.