EPIIC: Edge-Preserving Method Increasing Nuclei Clarity for Compression Artifacts Removal in Whole-Slide Histopathological Images

Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining is widely used in medical diagnosis. Stained slides provide crucial information to diagnose or monitor the progress of many diseases. Due to the large size of scanned images of whole tissues, a JPEG algorithm is commonly used for compression. This lossy compression method introduces artifacts visible as 8 × 8 pixel blocks and reduces overall quality, which may negatively impact further analysis. We propose a fully unsupervised Edge-Preserving method Increasing nucleI Clarity (EPIIC) for removing compression artifacts from whole-slide HE-stained images. The method is introduced in two versions, EPIIC and EPIIC Sobel, composed of stain deconvolution, gradient-based edge map estimation, and weighted smoothing. The performance of the method was evaluated using two image quality measures, (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.), and various datasets, including BreCaHAD with HE-stained histopathological images and five other natural image datasets, and compared with other edge-preserving filtering methods and a deep learning-based solution. The impact of compression artifacts removal on the nuclei segmentation task was tested using Hover-Net and STARDIST models. The proposed methods led to improved image quality in histopathological and natural images and better segmentation of cell nuclei compared to other edge-preserving filtering methods. The biggest improvement was observed for images compressed with a low compression quality factor. Compared to the method using neural networks, the developed algorithms have slightly worse performance in image enhancement, but they are superior in nuclei segmentation. EPIIC and EPIIC Sobel can efficiently remove compression artifacts, positively impacting the segmentation results of cell nuclei and overall image quality.